What was the most destructive human creation?

[Jenos Ridan]

So, Islam's bloody expansion from the 7th century to the 16th wasn't somehow the fault of the religion it's self? The Crusades, compared to the terror unleased by Mohammad, were nothing. In fact, the Crusades attempted to reclaim lands the Byzantines lost to the Muslims, land that NEVER belonged to them in the first place. How about the Moors (again, Muslims) when they murdered the Visigothic Kingdom in Spain and proceded to then invade France. Sicily? Greece? The rest of the Balkans? Indonesia? Sub-Saharen Africa? The list is a long one.

OK, as a historian who studies this period I'll try and answer these professionally... You really are being very religiocentric(?)

The crusades were very much on a par to the upheaval created by early Islam. They were not nothing, they were significant military and cultural attacks in which a roughly comparable number lost their lives, the crusades more so in fact when we take into account the thousands of innocent pilgrims, including many women and children, who died trying to fulfil the quest for redemption preached by popes at the time. A good volume to begin with, if you're interested, is Mayer's 'The Crusades' - an fairly brief treatment, but competent nevertheless which should give you a more informed view than the fairly bigoted one you seem to hold at the moment.

I'll make too general points, then:

Firstly, from a historical perspective, the crusades aimed to conquer land which had been in the hands of Arabic peoples, newly Muslim but native non the less, for centuries. How do we define who IS native? You speak of the Iberian peninsula, but the Visigoths and other tribes conquered that from other peoples centuries earlier, pushing tribes elsewhere... Tribes moved down into the Italian peninsula at the fall of the Roman empire and raped and pillaged, finally settling and becoming what we view as part of Christendom. You should in no way think that the Christian peoples had somehow either peacefully taken over from the old peoples of whatever region we discuss nor should you think they had always resided there. The land of the Byzantines was conquered as part of the eastern Roman Empire. THAT never belonged to THEM in the first place, but somehow their Christianity gave them some sort of divine right? That point is by the by, however, as the reconquest of Byzantine land was really a minor part of the crusades, serving more as a political bargaining tool than as any real motivation. Byzantine lands were only surrendered by the crusaders when absolutely necessary (the politics of the Holy Land after the first crusade is a prime example of this). The fourth crusade, although 'officially' targeted at Egypt, quickly became an almost full-scale war on Byzantium itself, spelling the end of the Empire for good. When Constantinople fell the city was raped and pillaged and reportedly a prostitute was set upon the Patriarchal throne (Umberto Eco's Baudolino is a brilliant novel set in this period). Nothing was being 're-claimed'. What was preached was holy war against the infidel, and thousands lost their lives in the carnage.

This leads me to my second point, in that the Muslim world at the time, when compared to the edges of Christandom where the borders were drawn, were more civilized, more peaceful, tolerant and generally held in sharp contrast. Both in Spain and in the Holy Land, Muslim masters both tolerated and protected other religions, both Christianity and Judaism (the same Judaism, remember, that had been victim to numerous pogroms and slaughters by Crusaders on the way, and I can cite many examples if you doubt that). Freedom of expression was generally higher than under Christian occupation (in terms of foreign texts, religious proclamations etc. etc.) When the first crusade conquered Jerusalem there was a massacre. Whilst it would be false to say the Muslims acted entirely peacefully (certainly many were executed), they permitted the worship of all religions and gave Christian pilgrims free access to their holy sites. I am in no way trying to prove this period of Islamic history as innocent and peaceful, but it is important to note that the Crusaders were no better in terms of violence and slaughter. Their motives were just as dubious, if not more so. Travelling to the Levant to fight the infidel was guaranteed to absolve your sins and allow you to enter heaven. How is that different to martyrdom bringing eternal paradise?

Peoples conquer other peoples, and always have done. Islam had a violent birth, but to no greater extent than the crusades in real terms, and in reality the wars and death wrought by Islam is probably comparable to that brought about by similar religiously motivated wars within Christendom. We conquer them, they conquer us. Get off your high Christian horse and wake up to historical fact.

The historical fact is, the Crusades aimed at reclaiming the 'Holy lands' from the Muslim invaders. The Holy Lands being modern day Israel for the most part. The Muslims conquered half the Known (at least to Europe) World at that point. I fail to see how the Christians were as bad as the Islamics.

Further...

How did Christianity expand from the Death & Resurrection of Christ to the legalization of Christianity in the 3rd Century? Peacefully, and under heavy persecution.

How did Islam expand, practically from the very dawn of its birth by a deranged tribal Arab? By ethnic cleansing, and there was no persecution.

If this seems sensational and biased, then so be it. I'll admit, I'm not a very tolerant man and I do have biases. But that does not ever change the facts.

[Jenos Ridan]

I should note, I really don't care what the current theories are on man's origins. Doesn't help me pay the bills, love my family and friends or keep me sane or moral. Kinda pointless, in the end if it can't help improve the human condition, I think.

“After sleeping through a hundred million centuries we have finally opened our eyes on a sumptuous planet, sparkling with color, bountiful with life. Within decades we must close our eyes again. Isn’t it a noble, an enlightened way of spending our brief time in the sun, to work at understanding the universe and how we have come to wake up in it?"
Richard *cough* Dawkins

Sorry to interrupt Guiscard's post, as it were, cos it's a good 'un.

Doesn't answer my point. Does it help the Human Condition? In short, no.
If that counts as an opinion, biased or otherwise, in your estimation, then Hooray for you. Again, that too doesn't help me one bit.

[heavycola]

How did Christianity expand from the Death & Resurrection of Christ to the legalization of Christianity in the 3rd Century? Peacefully, and under heavy persecution.

How did Islam expand, practically from the very dawn of its birth by a deranged tribal Arab? By ethnic cleansing, and there was no persecution.

If this seems sensational and biased, then so be it. I'll admit, I'm not a very tolerant man and I do have biases. But that does not ever change the facts.

Sensational and biased, well, yes. I also believe these are both qualities which DO change the facts.

Correct me if i'm wring, but don't Xians have Constantine to thank?

Doesn't answer my point. Does it help the Human Condition? In short, no.

humankind trying to understand the universe, of which it is the only self-aware component (as far as we know), and trying to understand our place in it, our origins - none of this is of any use to you? Even for a believer, if the answer to EVERY 'why?' question is 'god', doesn't life get boring? It's a cop out. Are you really dismissing science altogether? If i was being mean i might suggest you think before you post. But i won't.

[chessplaya]

my son.

LOL

thats too fucking funny

[Neutrino]

And capitalism hasn't killed more people then all the wars combined. Capitalism is a economic philosophy, it can't kill people, peoples own greed kills people, and 'greed' is existant in every species.

If a bear see's some food that another bear has, and he was stronger then the other bear, then he'd fight the other bear for it, much like the way a large nation will annex a smaller one for resources. This is the same for microorganisms, bacteria kill each other for food, greed is universal and necessary to survival, because without greed, no one would do anything, in fact, I'd argue that greed is actually the will to survive and better yourself, nothing wrong with that.

Your examples are not greed, they are competition. Competition is a integral part of life on Earth, greed is not. Although humans share many traits with animals (rape, infacide, homicide etc) I don't think greed is one of them. Competition is taking what you need at the expense of others, greed is taking much more than you need at the expense of others.
Humans do both, animals only do the first.

The Earth is a very rich planet, both in resources and energy. This is why competitive systems have evolved here; they are incredibly inefficient but they do get the job done fast (in this case, creating a highly adapted organism). But the sheer numbers of humans are using up a lot of that energy and resources. If humanity wants to keep living on this planet it has basically two choices; keep Capitalism but slow it's rate of growth drastically (Capitalism will probably collapse if you limit the amount of resources available to it) or switch to a much more sustainable system (one that isn't centered so much competition and personal wealth) and limit the rate of growth (but this new, hypothetical system won't collapse because of this).


Capitalism works by taking greed and turning it into a virtue. Any possible pretense of kindness or sharing is eliminated by the need to make money. Corperations mare looking for maximum profit and really don't care if they have to fire a few hundred workers to lower their costs slightly.

Do you really think this is a good system to live under?

Even putting aside Capitalism's social problem's you are still faced with its environmental ones. At the present, humanity uses up nearly half of the world's Net Primary Productivity (I finally remembered where I read this figure; Stephen Baxter's Deep Future). Although humanity is always going to have a large impact on any environment it is a part of, this is made much, much worse by Capitalism. Because of the drive to make money, environmental issues are ignored. Millions of hectares are deforested every year to make room for crops (essentially unecessary crops, I might add; humanity already produces 1.5 times the amount of food that it actually needs). For those that don't know; there is a area in the Pacific Ocean where currents draw floatsam together, called the Eastern Garbage Patch. In this area there are 1000 pieces of garbage per km2 and the garbage actually outweighs the plankton in that area by 6-1

Do you call this sustainable?



[/quote]

[Guiscard]

The historical fact is, the Crusades aimed at reclaiming the 'Holy lands' from the Muslim invaders. The Holy Lands being modern day Israel for the most part. The Muslims conquered half the Known (at least to Europe) World at that point. I fail to see how the Christians were as bad as the Islamics.

Further...

How did Christianity expand from the Death & Resurrection of Christ to the legalization of Christianity in the 3rd Century? Peacefully, and under heavy persecution.

How did Islam expand, practically from the very dawn of its birth by a deranged tribal Arab? By ethnic cleansing, and there was no persecution.

If this seems sensational and biased, then so be it. I'll admit, I'm not a very tolerant man and I do have biases. But that does not ever change the facts.

I'd love to know what reading you've done to come to that conclusion... It really is far from historical reality. This is not an issue of a 'liberal' attack on christianity, these are facts documented by historians for centuries...

Firstly, dealing with the motivations for crusade, it really was not a categorically religious quest to reclaim holy lands from the Muslims. Those lands had not been under Christian control since the Roman Empire, an Empire, we must note, who imposed itself forcefully over the native populace in the same way Islam did. It had never BEEN 'ours' to conquer! You failed to deal with basically any of my points comparing the crusades and the birth of Islam. The estimated figures for casualties (by western scolars), whilst I don't have them to hand (the university library is two hours away), show a roughly equal number, and are weighted more towards the crusade when we take into account pilgrims killed on the 'unofficial' crusades. You fail to deal with events such as the pogroms against Jewish people... There are many first hand accounts of crusaders simply sdlaughtering the entire Jewish population along the way. The historical fact, and this is a matter of professionalism for me not politics, is that the two are roughly equal and my previous post still stands.

If you want to talk actual history I'll carry this debate on. If you don't, and you want to blatently sensationalise and manipulate vague historical references then there's no point, and it is fairly insulting to a historian of the period to see someone acting in such a way.

I'd be more than happy to provide a comprehensive biblography covering both topics so you can see for yourself, but I somehow doubt you'll take me up on that...

[GeneralUnderhill]

Correct me if [I]'m wr[o]ng, but don't [Christ]ians have Constantine to thank?

I'm more along that lines of cursing him for polluting Christianity with government, personally.

[b.k. barunt]

Exactly, and he also managed to merge Christianity with paganism, thus creating the nightmare of hypocrisy that is the Roman Catholic Church.

[magneticgoop]

exactly. Christianity is about God loving you and saving you from an eternity in hell and spreading the good news. not about holy wars, popes, clergy, relics, cathedrals, crusades, inquisitions and many other things attributed to Christianity. just because it was done in the name of God doesn't mean it is what He wanted. for example if a police officer guns down some kids because they were vandalizing a park, just because he does it "in the name of justice and the law" doesn't make it right. there are laws against vandalism but not to kill the vandals, it is outside the scope of the law. just as Jesus wants us to tell others about what he has done for us, but it is outside the scope of the bible to make others "convert or die"

[cena-rules]

too much intellectual talk

wwwwwwwwwwwwwaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

[Chystal Halon]

religion...

and bullies...

[cena-rules]

just so i know

r u male of female?

[Guiscard]

exactly. Christianity is about God loving you and saving you from an eternity in hell and spreading the good news. not about holy wars, popes, clergy, relics, cathedrals, crusades, inquisitions and many other things attributed to Christianity. just because it was done in the name of God doesn't mean it is what He wanted. for example if a police officer guns down some kids because they were vandalizing a park, just because he does it "in the name of justice and the law" doesn't make it right. there are laws against vandalism but not to kill the vandals, it is outside the scope of the law. just as Jesus wants us to tell others about what he has done for us, but it is outside the scope of the bible to make others "convert or die"

So? Such destruction and violence was still carried out with religious motivation, even if they were misguided. The crusades were preached as redemption and automatic entry to heaven for participants. Even if that was not the 'true' message of religion, the concept itself is still at fault in terms of promoting and excusing such violence over the centuries. Equally applicable to all religions, really...

[cawck mongler]

Your examples are not greed, they are competition. Competition is a integral part of life on Earth, greed is not. Although humans share many traits with animals (rape, infacide, homicide etc) I don't think greed is one of them. Competition is taking what you need at the expense of others, greed is taking much more than you need at the expense of others.
Humans do both, animals only do the first.

The Earth is a very rich planet, both in resources and energy. This is why competitive systems have evolved here; they are incredibly inefficient but they do get the job done fast (in this case, creating a highly adapted organism). But the sheer numbers of humans are using up a lot of that energy and resources. If humanity wants to keep living on this planet it has basically two choices; keep Capitalism but slow it's rate of growth drastically (Capitalism will probably collapse if you limit the amount of resources available to it) or switch to a much more sustainable system (one that isn't centered so much competition and personal wealth) and limit the rate of growth (but this new, hypothetical system won't collapse because of this).


Capitalism works by taking greed and turning it into a virtue. Any possible pretense of kindness or sharing is eliminated by the need to make money. Corperations mare looking for maximum profit and really don't care if they have to fire a few hundred workers to lower their costs slightly.

Do you really think this is a good system to live under?

Even putting aside Capitalism's social problem's you are still faced with its environmental ones. At the present, humanity uses up nearly half of the world's Net Primary Productivity (I finally remembered where I read this figure; Stephen Baxter's Deep Future). Although humanity is always going to have a large impact on any environment it is a part of, this is made much, much worse by Capitalism. Because of the drive to make money, environmental issues are ignored. Millions of hectares are deforested every year to make room for crops (essentially unecessary crops, I might add; humanity already produces 1.5 times the amount of food that it actually needs). For those that don't know; there is a area in the Pacific Ocean where currents draw floatsam together, called the Eastern Garbage Patch. In this area there are 1000 pieces of garbage per km2 and the garbage actually outweighs the plankton in that area by 6-1

Do you call this sustainable?

[/quote]

You can't say that humans are different then animals and have different goals, because we're not and we don't. The goal of life is to survive long enough to reproduce. Making lots of money will not only help you survive and give you a better chance of getting laid, but it will ensure your offspring will have a higher chance of survival and a better chance of passing on your genes. There's also the recreation that money can give you, true, this is different then animals, but only because we have the means to make Ipods and yachts, where as animals don't. If a few hyenas came across 10 dead gazelle for whatever reason, they wouldn't just eat as much as they need, they'd eat as much as they possibly can, or if they could somehow have as much gazelle as they want (and they knew they could have as much as they wanted), they'd still pig out and eat more then they need. You can't deny that wanting to increase your standard of living, even if its above what you need, isn't something that only applies to humans.

I don't think capitalism is good, and I don't think communism is good, I'm not stupid. Both have been tried (pure capitalism in 18th century Britain for example and communism's easy), and both have failed and only benefited the elite. You need a balance between the two, with the government regulating businesses and stopping them from to much foul play. If you can think of an alternative to communism or capitalism that's viable, then I'd like to hear it, but our population has grown to large to live in whatever utopia you think would work (a thing about communism, is it has worked quite well in South America when it was first settled, the Jesuit priests managed to set up small communes for the natives and administered it themselves, the communes were very efficient and the priests didn't abuse their power, they were driven out later when the areas that they administered were given to the Spanish king and he drove them out. But everyone knows that communism can work small scale anyways, just look at your families).

The only way you could stop us from doing the environmental damage that we're doing, would be to take away our means of doing it. It doesn't have to do with capitalism, because all governments would do it anyways, otherwise they'd be out competed by other governments. You said that animals compete, well its competition thats ruining the environment (and animals take more then they need to, as I've already mentioned). [/b]

[Jenos Ridan]

Exactly, and he also managed to merge Christianity with paganism, thus creating the nightmare of hypocrisy that is the Roman Catholic Church.

You have no idea how close we are in thought on that point alone.

[Jenos Ridan]

too much intellectual talk

wwwwwwwwwwwwwaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa

Then leave. It seems that Intellectuals rule the land here. Can't hack it, then shut up ans stay out.

[Jenos Ridan]

The historical fact is, the Crusades aimed at reclaiming the 'Holy lands' from the Muslim invaders. The Holy Lands being modern day Israel for the most part. The Muslims conquered half the Known (at least to Europe) World at that point. I fail to see how the Christians were as bad as the Islamics.

Further...

How did Christianity expand from the Death & Resurrection of Christ to the legalization of Christianity in the 3rd Century? Peacefully, and under heavy persecution.

How did Islam expand, practically from the very dawn of its birth by a deranged tribal Arab? By ethnic cleansing, and there was no persecution.

If this seems sensational and biased, then so be it. I'll admit, I'm not a very tolerant man and I do have biases. But that does not ever change the facts.

I'd love to know what reading you've done to come to that conclusion... It really is far from historical reality. This is not an issue of a 'liberal' attack on christianity, these are facts documented by historians for centuries...

Firstly, dealing with the motivations for crusade, it really was not a categorically religious quest to reclaim holy lands from the Muslims. Those lands had not been under Christian control since the Roman Empire, an Empire, we must note, who imposed itself forcefully over the native populace in the same way Islam did. It had never BEEN 'ours' to conquer! You failed to deal with basically any of my points comparing the crusades and the birth of Islam. The estimated figures for casualties (by western scolars), whilst I don't have them to hand (the university library is two hours away), show a roughly equal number, and are weighted more towards the crusade when we take into account pilgrims killed on the 'unofficial' crusades. You fail to deal with events such as the pogroms against Jewish people... There are many first hand accounts of crusaders simply sdlaughtering the entire Jewish population along the way. The historical fact, and this is a matter of professionalism for me not politics, is that the two are roughly equal and my previous post still stands.

If you want to talk actual history I'll carry this debate on. If you don't, and you want to blatently sensationalise and manipulate vague historical references then there's no point, and it is fairly insulting to a historian of the period to see someone acting in such a way.

I'd be more than happy to provide a comprehensive biblography covering both topics so you can see for yourself, but I somehow doubt you'll take me up on that...

I get my information on the Crusades, and most any period of history, from a variety of sources. Books, mostly. Encyclopedias, Wiki, 'The Great Divide' by Alvin J. Schmidt, various history books and what little I remember from my 'World History' class during my Freshman year of High School.

Still, the land never, by any definition, belonged to them. It rightfully, by way of any legal reckoning, belonged to the Byzantines. The Crusades were launched to re-open the routes of pilgrimage. This is documented both in records of the time and re-recorded for centuries later.

As I recall, it wasn't until recently (the last hundred years) that the Crusades were seen in a negative light and people forgot about the Jihads that had happened prior, concurrant and are still ongoing.

[Guiscard]

I get my information on the Crusades, and most any period of history, from a variety of sources. Books, mostly. Encyclopedias, Wiki, 'The Great Divide' by Alvin J. Schmidt, various history books and what little I remember from my 'World History' class during my Freshman year of High School.

Still, the land never, by any definition, belonged to them. It rightfully, by way of any legal reckoning, belonged to the Byzantines. The Crusades were launched to re-open the routes of pilgrimage. This is documented both in records of the time and re-recorded for centuries later.

As I recall, it wasn't until recently (the last hundred years) that the Crusades were seen in a negative light and people forgot about the Jihads that had happened prior, concurrant and are still ongoing.

This is the bibliography I had to consume as an undergrad studying the crusades:

reading lists:
HIST2030/2031 Leeds University Library

The Crusades and the Crusader States in the Twelfth Century / The Crusades and Medieval Christendom

Graham Loud


A. General Reading on the Crusades

H.E. Mayer, The Crusades (1988, 2nd. ed.)

Jean Richard, The Crusades c. 1071-c.1291 (1999)

Andrew Jotischky, Crusading and the Crusader States (2004)

Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades (3 vols. 1951-5)

K.M. Setton et al. A History of the Crusades (5 vols. 1958-1985)

Jonathan Riley-Smith The Crusades. A Short History (1987)

Jonathan Phillips, The Crusades 1095-1197 (2002)

Nikolaus Jaspert, The Crusades (2006)

Joshua Prawer The World of the Crusaders (1972)

Jonathan Riley-Smith (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (1994)

Jonathan Riley-Smith (ed.), The Atlas of the Crusades (1991)

Two collections of essays will be widely used.

P.W. Edbury (ed.), Crusade and Settlement. Papers Presented to R.C. Smail (1985)

Thomas Maddern (ed.), The Crusades. The Essential Readings (2002)



Reference works

Peter Lock, The Routledge Companion to the Crusades (2006)

Alan V. Murray (ed.), The Crusades-an Encyclopedia (4 vols., 2006)

In addition, copies of articles denoted with an asterisk * and [HDC] are also available in the High Demand Collection in the Edward Boyle Library. Articles followed by [E] are also available electronically through the library website.



B. Introductory works on the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1972) - outstanding.

J. Prawer, Histoire du Royaume Latin de Jerusalem (2 vols. 1969-70)

T.S.R. Boase, Kingdoms and Strongholds of the Crusaders (1971)

R.C. Smail, The Crusaders in Syria and the Holy Land (1973)

R.C. Smail, Crusading Warfare (1956)



C. Primary Sources (in translation)

(a) Western

[First Crusade]

Gesta Francorum, ed. and trans. Rosalind Hill (1956)

Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095-1127, trans. F.R. Ryan and H.S. Fink (1969)

Raymond d'Aguilers, Historia Francorum, trans. J.H. and L. Hill (1968)

[Second Crusade]

Odo of Deuil, De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem (The Journey of Louis VII to the East), ed. and trans. V.G. Berry (1948)

De Expugnatione Lyxbonensi, trans. C.W. David (1936) [E-3.1 DAV]

[Crusader States]

William of Tyre, A History of Deeds done beyond the Sea, trans. E.A. Babcock and A.C. Krey (2 vols. 1941) [Vol. 2 is the useful one]

Walter the Chancellor’s The Antiochene Wars, trans. T.S. Asbridge and S.B. Edgington (1999)

[Third Crusade]

P. Edbury (ed.), The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade. Sources in Translation (1996) [includes the Chronicle of Ernoul]

Ambroise The Crusade of Richard Lion-heart, trans. M.J. Hubert and J.L. La Monte (1940)

H. Nicholson (ed.), Chronicle of the Third Crusade- a translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi (1997)

[Fourth Crusade]

Geoffrey de Villehardouin, 'The Capture of Constantinople', in Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. M.R.B. Shaw (Penguin Classics, 1963)

Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. E.H. McNeal (1936)

A.J. Andrea (ed.), The Capture of Constantinople of Gunther of Pairis (1995)

A.J. Andrea (ed.), Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (2000)

[The Crusade and the Crusader States in the Thirteenth Century]

Philip of Novara, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins, trans. J.L. La Monte and M.J. Hubert (1936) (C-1.3)

J. Shirley (trans.), Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century. The Rothelin Continuation of the History of William of Tyre (1999)

Joinville, 'Life of St. Louis', in Shaw (ed.), Chronicles of the Crusades [as above], also available in trans. by R. Hague (1953)

Jacques de Vitry The History of Jerusalem, (in Palestine Pilgrim Text Society,vol. XI, 1896) (Stack Theology B-4)

(b) Byzantine

The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, trans. E.R.A. Sewter, (Penguin Classics, 1969)

John Cinnamus, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. C.M. Brand (1976)

Niketas Choniates, O City of Byzantium- Annals of Niketas Choniates, trans. H.P. Magoulias (1984) [M-6NIC]

(c) Muslim

F. Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (1969) [an excellent collection]

The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, trans. H.A.R. Gibb (1932)

An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades, trans. P.K. Hitti (1929)

The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst, (1951) pp. 295-325 (N-1.3)

The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D.S. Richards (2001), also translated as The Life of Saladin, (Palestine Pilgrims Text Society, Vol. XII, 1897)

Imad-ed-Din, Conquéte de La Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin, trad. Française, by H. Masse (1972) (C-1.3)

Ayyubids, Mamluks and Crusaders. Ibn al-Furat, trans. U. and M.C. Lyons and J. Riley Smith(1971) [Semitic V-2]

(d) Collections of Sources

J. A. Brundage, The Crusades, a Documentary Survey (1962) [Poor]

L. and J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades. Idea and Reality 1095-1274 (1981) [excellent, especially on ideas]

E. Peters (ed.) The First Crusade (1971) [a bad selection, but does contain useful extracts from otherwise untranslated Albert of Aachen and important letters].

E. Peters (ed.) Christian Society and the Crusades 1198-1229 (1971) [contains complete translation of the very valuable chronicle of Oliver of Paderborn on the Fifth Crusade].

E.M. Hallam (ed.) Chronicles of the Crusades, (1989)

S.J. Allen and E. Amt The Crusades. A Reader (2003) [a useful collection].

(e) Pilgrim's Accounts

(All in Palestine Pilgrim’s Text Society, Stack Theology, B.4) Of some, but minor, interest.

Saewulf (1102-3)

Abbot Daniel (1106-7) in vol. IV (1895-6)

John of Wurzburg (1160-70)

John Phocas (1185) in vol. V (1895-6)

Jerusalem Pilgrimage, 1099-1185, ed. J. Wilkinson, J. Hill and W.F. Ryan (1988) [Stack Geography A-0.02HAK]

(f) Module Website – Nathan Bodington ‘Building’

This contains translations of the following texts-

(1) ‘Letters concerning the Second Crusade’

(2) ‘The Capture of Almeria and Tortosa by Caffaro’

(3) ‘The lost autobiographical chapter of William of Tyre’

(4) ‘The Conquest of the Holy Land by Saladin’

(5) ‘The Expedition of Frederick Barbarossa’

(6) ‘The Tract about the Places and Conditions of the Holy Land’

(7) ‘Documents relating to the Crisis in the Holy Land, 1198’

(8) ‘A letter of Jacques de Vitry, 1216’

(9) ‘The Fourth Crusade, Selected Texts’

(10) ‘Letters of Pope Innocent III concerning the Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire’

(11) ‘Letters relating to the Crusader States during the pontificate of Gregory IX’



HIST 2030 The Crusades and the Crusader States in the Twelfth Century

Top of pageI Crusading Ideas

C. Erdmann, The Origins of the Idea of Crusade (Eng. trans. 1977) [Old, originally published in 1935, but still fundamental]

J. Riley-Smith, What Were the Crusades? (1977)

J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders 1095-1131 (1997), chapters 2-3, pp. 23-80.

F.H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (1975) [Philosophy M-4.2 RUS]

J.A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (1962)

P.J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095-1270 (1991)

I.S. Robinson, 'Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ', History lviii (1973)

169-192 [HDC]

*H.E.J. Cowdrey. 'Pope Urban II's Preaching of the First Crusade, History lv (1970) 177-188 [reprinted in H.E.J. Cowdrey, Popes, Monks and Crusaders (1984), and in The Crusades. The Essential Readings] [HDC]

H.E.J. Cowdrey, ‘Christianity and the morality of warfare during the first century of Crusading’, in The Experience of Crusading i Western Approaches, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (2003), 175-92.

* E.O. Blake, 'The Formation of the Crusade Idea', Journal of Ecclesiastical History xxi (1970) 11-31 [HDC]

J.A. Brundage, 'The Army of the First Crusade and the Crusade Vow', Mediaeval Studies xxxiii (1971) 334-343

* J. Riley-Smith, 'Crusading as an act of love', History lxv (1980) 177-192 [HDC] [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings]

T.P. Murphy (ed.), The Holy War (1976), especially the essays by Cowdrey and Brundage [Cowdrey's essay is reprinted in Popes, Monks and Crusaders]

C.J. Tyerman, 'Were there any Crusades in the twelfth century?', English Historical Review cx (1995), 553-577 [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings] – a very important, if controversial, essay

M. Markowski, ‘Crucesignatus- its origins and early usage’, Journal of Medieval History x (1984), 157-65 [E].

P.J. Cole ‘”Oh God, the heathen hath come into your inheritance” (Ps. 78.1). The theme of religious pollution in Crusade documents’, in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. M. Shatzmiller (1993), 84-111.

II The Byzantine Background

The Alexiad of Anna Comnena

G. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State (Eng. trans. 1968)

R.J.H. Jenkins, Byzantium the Imperial Centuries AD 602-1071 (1966)

R.J.H. Jenkins, The Byzantine Empire on the Eve of the Crusades (Hist. Assoc. Pamphlet G-24- 1953)

P. Charanis, 'Byzantium, the West and the Origins of the First Crusade', Byzantion xix (1949) 17-36

S. Vryonis, 'Byzantium, the Social Basis for decline in the Eleventh Century', Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies ii (1959) 159-75

S. Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor (1971). chaps. 1-3.

M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204 –a Political History (1984)

S. Runciman, The Eastern Schism (1955)

III The Muslim Background

(a) The Islamic World at the Time of the Crusades

A History of the Crusades, ed. K. Setton, Vol. I The First Hundred Years, ed. M.W. Baldwin, chaps. 3-4, pp. 181-276

E. Ashtor, A Social and Economic History of the Near East in the Middle Ages (1976), especially chaps. 5-6

Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades. Islamic Perspectives (1999)

Claude Cahen, Pre-Ottoman Turkey (1968)

P.K. Hitti, History of the Arabs, especially chap. 45.

P.M. Holt (ed.), The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the period of the Crusades (1977), especially chaps. 4-5

P.M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades. The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (1986)

Bernard Lewis, The Assassins. A Radical Sect in Islam (1967)

The Muslim texts, especially the introduction to the Damascus Chronicle

(b) Attitudes to Islam

R.W. Southern, Western Views of Islam in the Middle Ages (1965)

D.C. Munro, 'Western Attitudes to Islam during the Crusades', Speculum vi (1931) 329-343

N. Daniel, Islam and the West, The Making of an Image (1960)

C.H. Haskins, Studies in the history of mediaeval science (1927)

B.Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission - European Approaches Toward the Muslims (1984)

IV The First Crusade

Sources- Gesta Francorum, Fulcher, Raymond d'Aguilers, Anna Comnena Bks. 10-11- The Crusades. A Reader, pp. 39-53.

S.Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. I The First Crusade (1951)

C. Cahen, 'An Introduction to the First Crusade', Past and Present vi (1954) 6-31

* H.E.J. Cowdrey, 'Pope Urban II's preaching of the First Crusade', History lv (1970), 177-188 [HDC] [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings]

H.E.J. Cowdrey, 'The Gregorian Papacy, Byzantium and the First Crusade', in J.D. Howard-Johnston (ed). Byzantium and the West c. 850-c.1200 (1988), pp. 145-169

J. France, 'The departure of Tatikios from the Crusading Army', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research xliv (1971), 131-47

J. France, 'The crisis of the First Crusade', from the defeat of Kerbogha to the departure from Arqa', Byzantion xxxx (1970), 276-308.

J. France, Victory in the East. A Military History of the First Crusade (1994) [excellent]

J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (1986)

Alan V. Murray, 'The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-1099- Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade', in Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire lxx (1992), 301-29.

James H. Forse, 'Armenians and the First Crusade', Journal of Medieval History xvii (1991), 13-22.

Top of pageBackground

J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, 1095-1131 (1997)

M. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade. The Limousin and Gascony c.970-1130 (1993)

M. Bull, 'The roots of lay enthusiasm for the First Crusade', History lxxviii (1993) 353-372 [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings]

V The Aftermath of the First Crusade

Anna Comnena, Bks. 11-13

J.G. Rowe, 'Paschal II, Bohemond of Antioch and the Byzantine Empire', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library xlix (1966-7), 165-202

E. Joranson, 'The problem of the spurious letter of the Emperor Alexius to the Count of Flanders', American Historical Review lv (1949- 50) [E]

A.C. Krey, 'A neglected passage in the Gesta', The Crusades and other Historical Essays presented to D.C. Munro (1928), pp. 57 ff.

J. Riley-Smith, 'The title of Godfrey of Bouillon', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research lii (1979), 83-7

* J. Riley-Smith, 'The motives of the earliest Crusaders and the settlement of Latin Palestine, English Historical Review xcviii (1983) 721-736 [HDC]

Alan V. Murray, 'The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon as Ruler of Jerusalem', Collegium Medievale 3 (1990), pp 163-78 [offprint in Brotherton Library]

Top of pageVI The Second Crusade

Sources- Cinnamus, Odo of Deuil, William of Tyre, Bk. 16, De Expugnatione Lyxboniensi, ‘Letters concerning the Second Crusade’, ‘The capture of Almeria and Tortosa’ [website].

G. Constable, 'The Second Crusade as seen by Contemporaries', Traditio ix (1953), 213 ff.

*A.J. Forey, 'The Second Crusade- Scope and Objectives', Durham University Journal lxxxvi (1994), 165-175 [HDC]

M. Gervers (ed.), The Second Crusade and the Cistercians (1995), esp. pp. 79-128.

J. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land. Relations between the Latin East and the West (1996)

J. Phillips and M. Hoch (eds.), The Second Crusade. Scope and Consequences (2001)

J.J. Norwich, The Kingdom in the Sun (1970) chaps. 6-7, pp. 106-142.

A. Grabois, 'The Crusade of King Louis VII- a reconsideration', Crusade and Settlement, ed. P.W. Edbury [See Section A], pp. 94-105.

H. Mayr-Harting, ‘Odo of Deuil, the Second Crusade and the monastery of St. Denis’, in The Culture of Christendom. Essays in Medieval History in Memory of Denis Bethel, ed. M.A. Meyer (1993), 225-41.

P. Stephenson, ‘Anna Comnena’s Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade?’, Journal of Medieval History xxix (2003), 41-54.

A.J. Forey, 'The failure of the siege of Damascus in 1148', Journal of Medieval History x (1984), 13-23 [E- via the De Re Militari website]

M. Hoch, ‘The choice of Damascus as the objective of the Second Crusade’, in Autour de la Première Croisade, ed. M. Balard (1996), 359-69.

A.V. Murray, 'Galilee and Damascus in the period of the Crusades', Nottingham Medieval Studies xl (1996), 190-3.

G.A. Loud, ‘Some reflections on the failure of the Second Crusade’, Crusades iv (2005), 1-14.


Top of pageExtra sources on the Second Crusade

The Historia Pontificalis of John of Salisbury, trans. M. Chibnall (1956), pp. 11-12, 52-62

The Letters of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, trans. B. Scott-James (1953), especially nos. 320, 323, 391-4, 398-400, 408, 410.

Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C.C. Mierow, (1953), Bk. 1 Chaps. 34-47, 62-65, pp. 69-81, 101-6.


Top of pageVII The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem

(a) General

J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1972) – [outstanding and essential]

J. Richard, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Eng. trans. 2 vols. 1979)

J. Prawer, Crusader Institutions (1980) – [outstanding]

Zacour, N.P. and H.W. Hazard (eds.), A History of the Crusades V The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East (1985)

R.J. Lilie, Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096-1204 (1993)

J. Phillips, Defenders of the Holy Land. Relations between the Latin East and the West 1119-87 (1996)

(b) Settlement and Social Structure

Sources- Ibn Jubayr, The Autobiography of Usamah, ‘A letter of Jacques de Vitry’ [website]

J. Prawer, 'The Settlement of Latins in Jerusalem', Speculum xxvii (1952) [E]

J. Prawer, 'Colonization activities in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem', Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire xxix (1951)

J. Prawer, 'The Assise de Teneure and the Assise de Vente', Economic History Review Ser. II.iv (1951-2), 77-87

(All three reprinted in Crusader Institutions, chaps. 4-5, 14)

J. Prawer, Palestinian Agriculture and the Crusader Rural System', Crusader Institutions, chap. 6- a revised version of the essay first published (in French) in Byzantion xxii (1952) and xxiii (1953)

J. Riley-Smith, 'Some lesser officials in Latin Syria', English Historical Review lxxxvii (1972), 1-26

J. Riley-Smith, 'Government in Latin Syria and the Commercial Privileges of Foreign Merchants', Relations between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. D. Baker (Edinburgh 1973)

* H.E. Mayer, 'Latins, Muslims and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem', History lxiii (1978), 175-192 [reprinted in his Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem (1983)] [HDC]

B.Z. Kedar, 'The subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant', in Muslims under Latin Rule 1100-1300, ed. James M. Powell (1990), pp. 135-74 [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings]

Alan V. Murray, 'Ethnic Identity in the Crusader States- The Frankish Race and the Settlement of Outremer', in Concepts of National Identity in the Middle Ages, ed. S. Forde, L. Johnson and A.V. Murray (1995), 59-73

(c) The Early Kingdom (to the 1130s)

Sources- Fulcher of Chartres, Bks. 2-3, William of Tyre.

H.E. Mayer, 'The Origins of the County of Jaffa', Israel Exploration Journal (1985), 35-85 [reprinted in his Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1994)]

H.E. Mayer, 'The Origins of the lordship of Ramla and Lydda in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem' Speculum lx (1985), 537-52 [E] [reprinted in his Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1994)].

Alan V. Murray, 'The Origins of the Frankish nobility of the Kingdom of Jerusalem', Mediterranean Historical Review iv (1989), 281-300

Alan V. Murray, 'Dynastic Continuity or Dynastic Change?- The Accession of Baldwin II and the Nobility of the Kingdom of Jerusalem', Medieval Prosopography xiii (1992), 1-27.

*Alan V. Murray, 'Baldwin II and his Nobles- Baronial Factionalism and Dissent in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1118-1134', Nottingham Medieval Studies xxxviii (1994), 60-85. [HDC]

Alan V. Murray, The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. A Dynastic History 1099-1125 (2000)

Jean Richard, 'Frankish Power in the Eastern Mediterranean', Mediterranean Historical Review ii (1987), 168-87

J. Riley-Smith, ‘King Fulk of Jerusalem and the “Sultan of Babylon”, in Montjoie. Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer, ed. B.Z. Kedar, J. Riley-Smith and R. Hiestand (1997), 55-66.

(d) Government

J.L. La Monte, Feudal Monarchy in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Cambridge, Mass. 1932) [to be used with care, good on details, esp. chaps. 4-8, conclusions rather dated].

J. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1971), especially chapters 5 and 7.

S. Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1989)

* J. Prawer, 'The Nobility and the feudal regime in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem', Lordship and Community in Medieval Europe, ed. F.L. Cheyette (1968) pp.156-172 [reprinted in Crusader Institutions, chap. 2, pp 20-45] [HDC]

P.W. Edbury, 'Feudal Obligations in the Latin East', Byzantion xlvii (1977) 328-356

S. Reynolds, ‘Fiefs and vassals in twelfth-century Jerusalem- a view from the west’, Crusades i (2002), 29-48.

P.W. Edbury, ‘Fiefs and vassals in twelfth and thirteenth century Jerusalem’, Crusades i (2002), 49-62.

B.Z. Kedar, 'The general tax of 1183 in the Crusading Kingdom- innovation or adaptation', English Historical Review lxxxix (1974), 339- 345

H.E. Mayer, 'Studies in the history of Queen Melisende', Dumbarton Oaks Papers xxvi (1972), 95-182 – very important [reprinted in H.E. Mayer, Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem (1983)]

H.E. Mayer, 'The Beginnings of King Amalric of Jerusalem', in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B.Z. Kedar (1992), pp 121-135

H.E. Mayer, 'The Wheel of Fortune- Seignorial Vicissitudes under Kings Fulk and Baldwin III of Jerusalem', Speculum lxv (1990), 860-7 [E] [reprinted in his Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1994)].

M. Barber, ‘The career of Philip of Nablus in the kingdom of Jerusalem’, in The Experience of Crusading ii Defining the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P.W. Edbury and J. Phillips (2003), 60-75.

[see also section XIX for further works on the nobility, concerning both the twelfth and thirteenth centuries]


Top of pageVIII The Principality of Antioch

Walter the Chancellor [see primary sources]

T.S. Asbridge, ‘The “Crusader” community at Antioch- the impact of interaction with Byzantium and Islam’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Ser. VI.ix (1999), 305-25.

T.S. Asbridge, The Creation of the Principality of Antioch 1098-1130 (2000)

T.S. Asbridge, ‘Alice of Antioch- a case study of female power in the twelfth century’, in The Experience of Crusading ii Defining the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P.W. Edbury and J. Phillips (2003), 29-47.

C. Cahen, La Syrie du Nord à l’Epoque des Croisades (1940)


Top of pageIX The Collapse of the First Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174-87

Sources- William of Tyre, Bks. 19-23, Ernoul and contemporary letters, in Edbury (ed.), The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade [above], ‘The Conquest of the Holy Land by Saladin’ [on module website].

M.W. Baldwin, Raymond III of Tripolis and the Fall of Jerusalem (1936) [to be used with care, now rather dated].

B. Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs- Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (2000) [excellent]

* R.C. Smail, 'Latin Syria and the West 1149-1187', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, ser. V.xix (1969) 1-20 [HDC]

R.C. Smail, ‘The international status of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem 1150-1197’, The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades, ed. P.M. Holt (1977), pp. 23-43.

B. Hamilton, ' "The Elephant of Christ", Reynald of Chatillon', Studies in Church History xv (1978) 97-108

* B. Hamilton, 'Miles of Plancy and the fief of Beirut', in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B.Z. Kedar (1992) pp 136-146 [HDC]

R.L. Nicolson, Jocelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States 1134-99 (1973)

[rather disappointing]. Not held in Library.

H.E. Mayer, 'Henry II of England and the Holy Land', English Historical Review xcvii (1982), 721-739

R.C. Smail, 'The Predicaments of Guy de Lusignan 1183-87', Outremer : studies in the history of the crusading kingdom of Jerusalem presented to Joshua Prawer, ed. B.Z. Kedar, H.E. Mayer and R.C. Smail (1982), pp.159-176

*Peter Edbury, 'Propaganda and faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem- The Background to Hattin', in Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria, ed. Maya Shatzmiller (1993), 173-189 [HDC]


Top of pageX The Church in the Crusader States

(a) The Secular Church

J.L. La Monte, Feudal Monarchy [as in (VII(d) above], chapter 10 pp.203-216

Bernard Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States (1980)

Bernard Hamilton, 'A Medieval Urban Church, the case of the Crusader States', Studies in Church History xvi (1979) 159-170 [reprinted in B. Hamilton, Crusaders, Cathars and Holy Places (1999)]

B. Hamilton, ‘Ralph of Domfront, Patriarch of Antioch (1135-40)’, Nottingham Medieval Studies xxviii (1984), 1-21 [reprinted in B. Hamilton, Crusaders, Cathars and Holy Places (1999)]

B. Hamilton, ‘Aimery of Limoges. Latin Patriarch of Antioch (c. 1142-96) and the unity of the Churches’, in East and West in the Crusader States. Context-Contacts-Confrontations, ed. K. Ciggaar and H. Teule (1999), 1-12 [also useful for the native communities].

A History of the Crusades v The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East [above section VII(a)], chapter 5.

J. Riley-Smith, 'The Latin Clergy and the settlement in Palestine and Syria, 1098-1100', The Catholic Historical Review (lxxiv (1988) 539- 557

J.G. Rowe, 'Paschal II and the relations between the spiritual and temporal powers in the Kingdom of Jerusalem', Speculum xxxii (1957), 470-501 [E]

J.G. Rowe, 'The Papacy and the Ecclesiastical Province of Tyre', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library xliii (1960)

H.E. Mayer, 'The Concordat of Nablus', Journal of Ecclesiastical History xxxiii (1982), 531-543

Y. Katzir, 'The Patriarch of Jerusalem. Primate of the Latin Kingdom', Crusade and Settlement, ed. P.W. Edbury (1985), pp. 169-175

*P.W. Edbury and William of Tyre and the patriarchal Election of 1180'

J.G. Rowe, English Historical Review xciii (1978), 1-25 [HDC]

B.Z. Kedar, 'The Patriarch Eraclius', Outremer [as above], pp. 177-204

S. Schein, 'The Patriarchs of Jerusalem in the late Thirteenth Century' Outremer [as above], pp.297-305



(b) Monasticism

B. Hamilton, ‘Rebuilding Zion- the Holy Places of Jerusalem in the twelfth century’, Studies in Church History xiv (1977), 105-116.

B. Hamilton, 'Ideals of Holiness- Crusaders, Contemplatives and Mendicants', The International History Review xvii (1995), 693-712

A. Jotischky, The Perfection of Solitude- Hermits and Monks in the Crusader States (1995)

H.E. Mayer, Bistümer, Klöster und Stifte im Königreich Jerusalem (1977) [an important study for anyone who can read German]


Top of pageXI The Native Communities in the Crusader States

Sources- ‘The Tract about the places and conditions of the Holy Land’, ‘A letter of Jacques de Vitry 1216’ [website]

Conversion and Continuity. Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands, Eighth to Eighteenth Centuries, ed. Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi (Toronto, 1990)

Hadia Dajani-Shakeel, 'Natives and Franks in Palestine- Perceptions and Interactions', in Conversion and Continuity, pp 161-84

Elias El-Hayek 'Struggle for Survival- The Maronites of the Middle Ages', in Conversion and Continuity, pp 407-21

B.Z. Kedar Crusade and Mission- European Approaches toward the Muslims (Princeton, 1984)

B.Z. Kedar 'The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant', in Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100-1300, ed. James M. Powell (Princeton, 1990), pp 135-74 [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings]


Top of pageXII William of Tyre. The Great Crusader Historian

‘The lost autobiographical chapter of William of Tyre’ [website]

P.W. Edbury/J.G. Rowe, William of Tyre- Historian of the Latin East (1988)

* P.W. Edbury/J.G. Rowe, 'William of Tyre and the Patriarchal Election of 1180', English Historical Review xliii (1978), 1-25 [HDC]

Relations between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. D. Baker (1973)

D.W.T.C. Vesey, 'William of Tyre and the Art of Historiography', Mediaeval Studies xxxv (1973), 433-455

M.R. Tessera, ‘Prudentes homines ... qui habebant magis exercitatos’- a preliminary inquiry into William of Tyre’s vocabulary of power’, Crusades i (2002), 63-72.

R.W. Crawford, 'William of Tyre and the Maronites', Speculum xxx (1955) [E]

M.R. Morgan, The Chronicle of Ernoul and the Continuations of William of Tyre (1973) [rather technical]


Top of pageXIII Saladin and the Third Crusade

Sources- Ambroise- A Chronicle of the Third Crusade- Edbury, The Fall of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade- The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin- ‘The Expedition of Frederick Barbarossa’ [website],

A. Ehrenkreutz, Saladin (1972) (See review of this by H.E. Mayer, Speculum (1974) 724-7)

M.C. Lyons and D. Jackson Saladin the Politics of the Holy War (1982) [the best study on the subject]

H.A.R. Gibb, 'The Achievement of Saladin', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library xxv (1952)

D.S. Richards, 'The Early History of Saladin', Islamic Quarterly xvii (1973),

140-159

R. Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols (1977)

C.M. Brand, 'The Byzantines and Saladin- opponents of the Third Crusade', Speculum xxxvii (1962) 167-181 [E]

J. Gillingham, 'Roger of Howden on Crusade', Medieval Historical Writing in the Christian and Islamic Worlds, ed D.O. Morgan (1982) pp 60-75

J. Gillingham, Richard the Lionheart (2nd ed., London 1989)

M. Markowski, ‘Richard Lionheart- bad king, bad crusader?’, Journal of Medieval History 22 (1997), 351-65.

D. Jacoby, ‘Conrad, Marquis of Montferrat and the kingdom of Jerusalem (1187-92)’, in D. Jacoby, Trade, Commodities and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean (1997)


Top of pageXIV The Fourth Crusade

Sources- Villehardouin, Robert of Clari, Gunther of Pairis, Niketas Choniates, and Andrea, Contemporary Sources, ‘The Fourth Crusade, selected sources’ and ‘Letters concerning the Fourth Crusade’ [website]

M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade. Event and Context (2003)

C.M. Brand, Byzantium Confronts the West 1180-1204 (1968) [still probably the best book on the subject]

D.E. Queller, The Fourth Crusade. The Conquest of Constantinople (1978- 2nd ed. with T.F. Madden, 1997) [useful on the Venetians]

J. Godfrey, 1204. The Unholy Crusade (1980)

* C. Morris, 'Geoffrey de Villehardouin and the Conquest of Constantinople', History xliii (1968), 24-34 (HDC)

M. Angold, The Byzantine Empire 1025-1204. A Political History (1984), especially chaps 11 and 14

D.E. Queller and S.J Stratton'A Century of Controversy on the Fourth Crusade', Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History vi (1969) 235-277

D.E. Queller and G.W.Day, ‘Some arguments in defence of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade’, American Historical Review lxxxi (1976), 717-37 [E]

D.E. Queller and T.F. Madden, 'Some Further Arguments in Defence of the Venetians on the Fourth Crusade', Byzantion lxii (1993, for 1992), 433-73

A. Andrea, ‘Cistercian Accounts of the Fourth Crusade. Were they anti-Venetian’, Analecta Cisterciensia xli (1985), 3-41.

J.H. Pryor, ‘The Venetian fleet for the Fourth Crusade and the diversion of the crusade to Constantinople’, in The Experience of Crusading i Western Approaches, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (2003), 103-23 [HDC].

T.F. Madden, Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice (2003)

J. Herrin, 'The Collapse of the Byzantine Empire in the Twelfth Century', Birmingham Historical Journal xii (1970), 188-203. Not currently held in Library.

R.L. Wolff, 'The Second Bulgarian Empire. Its Origin and History to 1204', Speculum xxiv (1949), 167-206 [E]

A. Bryer, 'Cultural relations between East and West in the Middle Ages', in Relations between East and West in the Middle Ages, ed. Derek Baker (1973), pp. 77-94.


Top of pageXV The Latin Empire of Constantinople

‘Letters concerning the Fourth Crusade and the Latin Empire’ [website]

A History of the Crusades, ed. K. Setton, vol. II, chaps. 6-7

Peter Lock, The Franks in the Aegean, 1204-1500 (1995) [excellent]

M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade. Event and Context (2003), chapters 6-9.

R.L. Wolff, 'The Organization of the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople 1204-1261- Social and Administrative Consequences of the Latin Conquest', Traditio vi (1948), 33-60

R.L. Wolff, 'Politics in the Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople', Dumbarton Oaks Papers viii (1954), 225-303

R.L. Wolff, 'Mortgage and Redemption of an Emperor's Son- Castile and

the Latin Empire of Constantinople', Speculum xxix (1954), 45- 84 [E]

D.J. Geanakoplos, 'Greco-Latin relations on the eve of the Byzantine restoration-

the Battle of Pelagonia - 1259', Dumbarton Oaks Papers vii (1953) 99-135

B.M. Bolton, 'A Mission to the Orthodox? The Cistercians in Romania'. Studies in Church History xiii (1976), 169-181

D. Jacoby, 'The encounter of two societies- western conquerors and Byzantines in the Peleponnesus after the Fourth Crusade', American Historical Review lxxviii (1973), 873-906 [E]

B. Arbel, B. Hamilton and D. Jacoby, (eds.), Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204 (1989)

M. Angold, A Byzantine Government in Exile. Government and Society under the Laskarids of Nicea (1975)

P. Lock, 'The Latin secular church in Crusader Greece', Medieval History i (1991) pp 93-107

J. Doran, ‘Rites and wrongs- the Latin mission to Nicea, 1234’, Studies in Church History xxxii (1996), 131-144.


Top of pageXVI The Military Monastic Orders

Sources

M. Barber and K. Bate, The Templars. Selected Sources (2002)

J. Upton-Ward (trans.), The Rule of the Templars (1992)

Secondary

J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, chapter 14, pp. 252-79.

A.J. Forey, The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries (1991)

M. Barber, The New Knighthood. A History of the Order of the Temple (1994)

J. Riley-Smith, The Knights of St. John and Jerusalem and Cyprus 1050-1310 (1967)

H. Nicholson, Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. Images of the Military Orders (1993)

H. Nicholson, The Knights Templar. A New History (2001)

* A.J. Forey, 'The Emergence of the Military Order in the Twelfth Century', Journal of Ecclesiastical History xxxvi (1985) 175-195 [HDC]

M. Barber, 'The Origins of the Order of the Temple', Studia Monastica xii (1970)

A. Luttrell, ‘The earliest Hospitallers’, in Montjoie. Studies in Crusade History in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer, ed. B.Z. Kedar, J. Riley-Smith and R. Hiestand (1997), 37-54.

M. Barber (ed.), The Military Orders. Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the Sick (1994) [a miscellaneous collection- there are useful essays on the Templars by Phillips and Pringle, on the Teutonic Knights, and on the suppression of the Templars].

E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (1980), chapter 3 [on the Teutonic Knights]

I. Sterns, 'The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States', in A History of the Crusades V The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East (1985), pp. 315-378

A.J. Forey, Military Orders and Crusades (1994) [an excellent collection which includes the following reprinted essays]

A.J. Forey, 'The Militarisation of the Hospital of St. John', Studia Monastica xxvi (1984), 75-89

A.J. Forey, 'The Military Order of St. Thomas of Acre', English Historical Review xcii (1977), 481-503.

A.J. Forey, 'The Military Orders and holy war against Christians in the thirteenth century', English Historical Review civ (1989), 1-24

M. Barber, ‘The Order of St. Lazarus and the Crusades’, Catholic Historical Review lxxx (1994), 439-56.

* J. Prawer 'Military Orders and Crusader Politics in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century', Die Geistlichen Ritterorden Europas, ed. J. Fleckenstein und M. Hellmann (Vorträge und Forschungen xxvi, 1980), pp 217-229 [HDC]

J.Riley-Smith, 'The Templars and the Castle of Tortosa in Syria', English Historical Review lxxxiv (1969) 278-288

J.F. O'Callaghan, The Spanish Military Order of Calatrava and its Associates (1975)

The Fall of the Templars

M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (1978)

P. Partner, The Murdered Magicians. The Templars and their Myth (1982)

A.J. Forey, 'The Military Orders in the Crusading Proposals of the late-thirteenth century', Traditio xxxvi (1980) 317-345 [reprinted in his Military Orders and Crusades (1994)]

A.J. Forey, The Fall of the Templars in the Crown of Aragon (2001)

S. Menache, ‘The Templar Order- a failed ideal?’, in Catholic Historical Review lxxix (1993), 1-21.

M. Barber, 'The Social context of the Templars, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Ser. IV.xxxiv (1984), 27-46

M-L. Favreau-Lilie, ‘The Military orders and the escape of the Christian population of the Holy Land in 1291’, Journal of Medieval History xix (1993), 201-27 [E].

M. Barber, ‘Lepers, Jews and Moslems. The plot to overthrow Christendom in 1321’, History lxvi (1981), 1-17

J.R. Strayer, The Reign of Philip the Fair (1980), chapter 4, ‘The king and the church’.


Top of pageXVII The Islamic World in the Thirteenth Century

A History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, Vol. II The Later Crusades 1189-1311, ed. R.L. Wolff and H.W. Hazard, chaps. 19-22, pp. 661-758

R.S. Humphreys From Saladin to the Mongols. The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193-1260 (1977)

Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages- The Early Mamluk Sultanate (1986)

Peter Thorau, The Lion of Egypt. Sultan Baybars I and the Near East in the Thirteenth Century (1992)

Bernard Lewis, The Assassins. A Radical Sect in Islam (1967)

Bernard Lewis, 'The Mongols, the Turks and the Muslim Polity', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Ser. V.xviii (1968), 49ff.

Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West 1221-1410 (2005)



Top of pageXVIII The Crusader States in the Thirteenth Century

(a) The Kingdom of Jerusalem

Sources- Philip of Novara, Rothelin Continuation, ‘Letters relating to the Crusader states during the pontificate of Gregory IX’ [website]

Richard, Latin Kingdom [as in part VII(a)], especially vol. II.

J. Prawer, Crusader Institutions [as in part VII (a)], especially chap. 3

C Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East 1192-1291 (1992)

J. Riley-Smith, The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1174-1277 (1973)

J. Riley-Smith, 'A Note on Confraternities in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem', Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research xliv (1971), 301-8

J. Riley-Smith 'The Assise sur la Ligèce and the Commune of Acre', Traditio xxvii (1971), 179-204

G.A. Loud, 'The Assise sur La Ligèce and Ralph of Tiberias', Crusade and Settlement, ed. P.W. Edbury (1985), pp. 204-212

H.E. Mayer, 'On the beginning of the Communal Movement in the Holy Land, the Commune of Tyre', Traditio xxiv (1968), 443-457

H.E. Mayer 'Ibelin versus Ibelin- the struggle for the regency of Jerusalem 1253-1258', in his Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem (1983)

D. Jacoby, 'Crusader Acre in the thirteenth century- urban layout and topography', Studi Medievali, Ser. III.xx (1979), 1-45 [reprinted in D. Jacoby, Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion (1989)]

D. Jacoby 'The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the collapse of Hohenstaufen power in the Levant', Dumbarton Oaks Papers xl (1986) 83-101 [reprinted in D. Jacoby, Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion (1989)]

P. Jackson, 'The End of Hohenstaufen rule in Syria, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research lix (1986), 20-36

P. Jackson, 'The Crisis in the Holy Land 1260', English Historical Review xcv (1980) 480-513



(b) The Other Crusader States in the Levant

P.W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191-1374 (1991)

N. Coureas, The Latin Church in Cyprus 1195-1312 (1997)

T.S.R. Boase (ed.), The Cilician Kingdom of Armenia (1978)

K. Molin, Unknown Crusader Castles (2001)


Top of pageXIX The Noble Families of Jerusalem

* [See also Section VII(d)]

Tibble, Monarchy and Lordships [see above, section VII (d)]

J.L. La Monte, 'John d'Ibelin. The Old Lord of Beirut 1177-1236', Byzantion xii (1937) 417 ff.

J.L. La Monte, 'The Lords of Le Puiset on the Crusades', Speculum xvii (1942), 100 ff.

J.L. La Monte, 'The Lords of Sidon in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries', Byzantion xvii (1944/5), 183 ff.

J.L. La Monte, The Lords of Caesarea in the period of the Crusades', Speculum xxii (1947), 145 ff.

M. E. Nickerson, 'The Seigneurie of Beirut in the twelfth century and the Brisebarre family of Beirut-Blanchegarde', Byzantion xix (1949), 141-85.

J.M. Buckley, 'The Probable Octogenarianism of John of Brienne', Speculum xxxii (1957), 315 ff [E]

P.W. Edbury, 'John of Jaffa's Title to the county of Jaffa and Ascalon', English Historical Review xcviii (1983), 115-133

H.E. Mayer, 'The Double County of Jaffa and Ascalon. One Fief or Two?' Crusade and Settlement (1985), pp. 181-7

H.E. Mayer, Kings and Lords in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1994)


Top of pageXX The Crusades of the Thirteenth Century

Sources- Oliver of Paderborn, Joinville

A History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, vol. ii (1962), chapters 11-14

H. Tillmann, Pope Innocent III (Eng. trans. 1980)

J.M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213-1221 (1986)

T.C. Van Cleve, The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen (1972), pp. 128-38, 159-75.

W.C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (1979)

J. Richard, Saint Louis. Crusader King of France (1992), especially chapters 5-8, pp. 85-152, and chapters 15-16, pp. 293-329.

J. Richard, 'La politique orientale de Saint Louis. La Croisade de 1248', in his Les Relations entre l'Orient et l'Incident en Môyen Age (1977), chapter 10

J. Richard, La Papauté et les Missions d'Orient au Môyen Age (xiiie-xive siècles) (1977)

P. Jackson, 'The Crusade against the Mongols (1241)', Journal of Ecclesiastical History xlii (1991),1-18

S.D. Lloyd, 'The Lord Edward's Crusade, 1270-2- its setting and significance'- War and Government in the Middle Ages. Essays in Honour of J.O. Prestwich (1984) 120-133

S. Schein, Fideles Crucis- the Papacy, the West and the Recovery of the Holy Land 1274-1314 (1991)


Top of pageXXI England and the Crusades

C.J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095-1588 (1988)

S.D. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216-1307 (1988)

S.D. Lloyd, 'The Lord Edward's Crusade, 1270-2’ [as in previous section]

P.J. Cole, 'Purgatory and Crusade in St Gregory's Trental', The International History Review xvii (1995), 713-725

Gerald of Wales, The Journey through Wales, trans. L. Thorpe (Penguin Classics 1978)



XXII Crusades Against Christians

Sources

J. Shirley (trans.), The Song of the Cathar Wars. A History of the Albigensian Crusade (1996)

W.A. and M.D. Sibley (trans.), The History of the Albigensian Crusade. Peter of Les Vaux-de- Cernay (1998)

Secondary

N. Housley, 'Crusades against Christians. Their Origins and Early Development, c.1000-1216', Crusade and Settlement, ed. P.W. Edbury (1985), pp. 17-36 [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings]

E. Kennan, 'Innocent III and the First Political Crusade', Traditio xxvii (1971), 231-249

W.L. Wakefield. Heresy, Crusade and Inquisition in Southern France 1100-1250 (1974)

J.R. Strayer, The Albigensian Crusade (1971)

Jonathan Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade (1978- 2nd. ed. 1999)

J.R. Strayer, 'The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century', A History of the Crusades, ed. K. Setton, vol. ii (1962), pp. 343-378

R. Rist, ‘Papal policy and the Albigensian Crusades- continuity or change?’, Crusades ii (2003), 99-108.

G.A. Loud, ‘The case of the missing martyrs- Frederick II’s war with the Church 1239-50’, Studies in Church History xxx (1993), 141-52 [reprinted in G.A. Loud, Montecassino and Benevento in the Middle Ages (2000)].

P.A. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade. A Study of Public Opinion and Crusade Propaganda (1940)

E. Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095-1274 (1985)

N. Housley, The Italian Crusades. The Papal-Angevin Alliance against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (1982)


Top of pageXXIII The Crusade in the Baltic

Sources

The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, trans. J.A. Brundage (1961- 2nd ed. 2003)

The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, trans. W. Urban and J.C. Smith (2nd. ed. 2001)



Secondary

E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades- The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100-1525 (London 1980) [excellent].

A.V. Murray (ed.), Crusade and Conversion on the Baltic Frontier 1150-1500 (2001), [especially the essays by Ellers, Urban, Jensen, Nielsen and Mazeika].

F. Lotter 'The Crusading Idea and the Conquest of the Region East of the Elbe', in Medieval Frontier Societies, ed. Robert Bartlett and Angus MacKay (Oxford, 1989), pp 267-306

Karl Jordan, Henry the Lion (1986), chapter 4, pp. 66-88.

W. Urban 'The Organization of the Defence of the Livonian Frontier in the Thirteenth Century', Speculum lviii (1973), 525-32 [E]

W. Urban 'The Wendish Princes and the "Drang nach dem Osten"', Journal of Baltic Studies ix (1978), 225-44

W. Urban 'The Diplomacy of the Teutonic Knights at the Curia', Journal of Baltic Studies ix (1978), 116-28

W. Urban 'Roger Bacon and the Teutonic Knights', Journal of Baltic Studies xix (1988), 363-70

M. Giedroyc 'The Arrival of Christianity in Lithuania- Baptism and Survival (1341-1387)', Oxford Slavonic Papers xxii (1989), 34-57


Top of pageXXIV The Crusades in Spain

Sources

S. Barton and E. Fletcher, The World of El Cid. Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (2000), especially the ‘Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris’ and the ‘Poem of Almeria’, pp. 148-249, 250-63 respectively.

R. Hamilton and J. Perry, The Poem of the Cid (Penguin Classics 1984)

Secondary

A. Mackay Spain in the Middle Ages. From Frontier to Empire 1000-1500 (1977), chaps. 1-3.

D. Lomax The Reconquest of Spain (1978)

J. O’Callaghan Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (2002)

R.A. Fletcher 'Reconquest and crusade in Spain c.1050-1150', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Ser. V.xxxvii (1987), 31-47 [reprinted in The Crusades. The Essential Readings] [a very important essay]

F. Fernandez-Armesto 'The survival of a notion of reconquista in late tenth and eleventh-century Leon', Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle Ages. Essays Presented to Karl Leyser, ed. T. Reuter (1992), pp.123-143

*E. Lourie, 'A society organised for war- medieval Spain', Past and Present xxxv (1966) 54-76 [HDC]

A.J. Forey ‘The Military Orders and the Spanish Reconquest in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries’, Traditio xl (1984), 197-234 [reprinted in his Military Orders and Crusades (1994)]

R.I. Burns, 'Immigrants from Islam. The use of Muslims as settlers in thirteenth-century Aragon', American Historical Review lxxx (1975) [E]

J.F. O'Callaghan, The Spanish Military Order of Calatrava and its Associates (1975)



Top of pageXXV Warfare and Fortifications

(a) Warfare

R.C. Smail, Crusading Warfare (1956) [fundamental]

C. Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East 1192-1291 (1992)

J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, chapter 15

J. Prawer, 'The Battle of Hattin', Crusader Institutions, chapter 19, pp. 484-500

D. Ayalon, 'Studies on the structure of the Mamluk army', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies xv (1953) 203 ff., 448 ff., xvi (1954) 133 ff.

(b) Fortifications

Hugh Kennedy, Crusader Castles (1994) [excellent, the best book on the subject]

P. Deschamps, Les Chateaux des Croisés en Terre Sainte i Le Crac des Chevaliers (1934), ii La Defence du Royaume de Jerusalem (1939), iii La Defence du Comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d'Antioch (1973) (each volume has a vol. of plates attached - Architecture E DES)

T.E. Lawrence, Crusader Castles (2 vols., 1936) - (Special Collections, English P-40LAW). (2nd ed., ed by D. Pringle, 1988)

K. Molin, Unknown Crusader Castles (2001)

A History of the Crusades, IV The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States, ed. H.W. Hazard (1976), chapter 4.



Top of pageXXVI Crusader Art

A History of the Crusades, IV The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States, ed. H.W. Hazard (1977)

H. Buchtal, Miniature Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (1957)

J. Folda, Crusader Manuscript Illumination at Saint. Jean d'Acre 1275-1291 (1976)

K. Weitzmann, 'Icon Painting in the Crusader Kingdom', Dumbarton Oaks Papers xx (1966), 49-83

L.A. Hunt, 'Art and colonialism- the mosaics of the church of the Nativity in Bethlehem (1169) and the problem of "Crusader" art', Dumbarton Oaks Papers xlv (1991)


Top of pageXXVII The Trade of the Holy Land

R.S. Lopez, 'The Trade of Medieval Europe- the South', Cambridge Economic History of Europe II (2nd edn., 1987), pp.306-379

E.H. Byrne, 'Genoese Trade with Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Century', American Historical Review xxv (1919-20), 191-219

E.H. Byrne, Genoese Shipping in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (1930) - (Economics H-4)

L.B. Robbert, 'Venice and the Crusaders'. A History of the Crusades V (1985) [see section VII(a) above] pp. 379-451)

F.C. Lane, Venice. A Maritime Republic (1973), chaps. 4-5, and especially 7

D. Jacoby, Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian Expansion (1989)

D. Jacoby, ‘New Venetian evidence on Crusader Acre’, in The Experience of Crusading ii Defining the Crusader Kingdom, ed. P.W. Edbury and J. Phillips (2003), 240-56.

D. Jacoby, ‘Aspects of everyday life in Frankish Acre’, Crusades iv (2005), 73-105.

J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem [see section VII(a)], chapter 16

J. Prawer, Crusader Institutions [see section VII(a)], chapter 8


Top of pageXXVIII The Crusade after 1291

N. Housley The Later Crusades 1274-1580 from Lyons to Alcazar (1992)

A History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, Vol. III The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (1975)-[but see also the review of this by P.W. Edbury, English Historical Review xci (1976) 603-6].

A.S. Atiya, The Crusade in the Later Middle Ages (1938) [to be used with care]

S. Schein, Fideles Crucis- the Papacy, the West and the Recovery of the Holy Land 1274-1314 (1991)

N. Housley, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305-1378 (1986)

N. Housley, ‘Costing the Crusade- budgeting for Crusader activity in the fourteenth century’, in The Experience of Crusading i Western Approaches, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (2003), 45-59.

A.T. Luttrell, 'The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century', Europe in the Late Middle Ages , ed. J. Hale, J.R.L. Highfield and B. Smalley (1965), pp. 122-154

A.T. Luttrell, 'Venice and the Knights Hospitallers of Rhodes in the Fourteenth Century', Papers of the British School at Rome xxvi (1958)

N. Housley 'The Franco-papal Crusade negotiations of 1322-3', Papers of the British School of Rome xlviii (1980) pp 166-185

C.J. Tyerman, 'Marino Sanudo Torsello and the Lost Crusade- Lobbying in the Fourteenth Century'. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society Ser. V.xxxii (1982) 57-74

C.J. Tyerman, Sed Nihil fecit? The last Capetians and the discovery of the Holy land', War and Government in the Middle Ages. Essays in Honour of J.O. Prestwich, ed. J. Gillingham and J.C. Holt (1984) pp. 170-181. (C-1.09 GIL)

C.J. Tyerman, 'Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land', English Historical Review c. (1985), 25-52

In all seriousness, you do not know what you are talking about in any real historical sense.

[XenHu]

Me.



Seriously, I would have to go with religion.

-X

[Stopper]

In all seriousness, you do not know what you are talking about in any real historical sense.

You seem angry. Just to relax you a bit, have a look at this thread and have a little chuckle at Jenos' expense (if you haven't already seen it.)

[magneticgoop]

exactly. Christianity is about God loving you and saving you from an eternity in hell and spreading the good news. not about holy wars, popes, clergy, relics, cathedrals, crusades, inquisitions and many other things attributed to Christianity. just because it was done in the name of God doesn't mean it is what He wanted. for example if a police officer guns down some kids because they were vandalizing a park, just because he does it "in the name of justice and the law" doesn't make it right. there are laws against vandalism but not to kill the vandals, it is outside the scope of the law. just as Jesus wants us to tell others about what he has done for us, but it is outside the scope of the bible to make others "convert or die"

So? Such destruction and violence was still carried out with religious motivation, even if they were misguided. The crusades were preached as redemption and automatic entry to heaven for participants. Even if that was not the 'true' message of religion, the concept itself is still at fault in terms of promoting and excusing such violence over the centuries. Equally applicable to all religions, really...

well you certainly know your crusades but the church at the time was extremely corrupt (you probably know what i am talking about if not ask me) almost none of the elite clergy really were in charge because of religious reasons, because a handful of men could leverage almost all of Europe. they were not in the Vatican because they were godly but because they knew someone were were a somebody. these men were by no means doing the crusades by religious reasons, they had extreme authority over every aspect of European life they just wanted to expand their empire and control. this is why Martin Luther and other reformers broke away from the catholic church. i say it again just because the (religious) leadership abused their power and perverted the religion, government or any ruling body does not mean the whole majority knew what or why they were doing it and cannot be held accountable. you must remember the people thought (incorrectly) that the church had the power to decide who goes to heaven and who goes to hell. this is an extremely powerful position that the Vatican has, and as the old saying goes ultimate power corrupts

[Jenos Ridan]

Your examples are not greed, they are competition. Competition is a integral part of life on Earth, greed is not. Although humans share many traits with animals (rape, infacide, homicide etc) I don't think greed is one of them. Competition is taking what you need at the expense of others, greed is taking much more than you need at the expense of others.
Humans do both, animals only do the first.

The Earth is a very rich planet, both in resources and energy. This is why competitive systems have evolved here; they are incredibly inefficient but they do get the job done fast (in this case, creating a highly adapted organism). But the sheer numbers of humans are using up a lot of that energy and resources. If humanity wants to keep living on this planet it has basically two choices; keep Capitalism but slow it's rate of growth drastically (Capitalism will probably collapse if you limit the amount of resources available to it) or switch to a much more sustainable system (one that isn't centered so much competition and personal wealth) and limit the rate of growth (but this new, hypothetical system won't collapse because of this).


Capitalism works by taking greed and turning it into a virtue. Any possible pretense of kindness or sharing is eliminated by the need to make money. Corperations mare looking for maximum profit and really don't care if they have to fire a few hundred workers to lower their costs slightly.

Do you really think this is a good system to live under?

Even putting aside Capitalism's social problem's you are still faced with its environmental ones. At the present, humanity uses up nearly half of the world's Net Primary Productivity (I finally remembered where I read this figure; Stephen Baxter's Deep Future). Although humanity is always going to have a large impact on any environment it is a part of, this is made much, much worse by Capitalism. Because of the drive to make money, environmental issues are ignored. Millions of hectares are deforested every year to make room for crops (essentially unecessary crops, I might add; humanity already produces 1.5 times the amount of food that it actually needs). For those that don't know; there is a area in the Pacific Ocean where currents draw floatsam together, called the Eastern Garbage Patch. In this area there are 1000 pieces of garbage per km2 and the garbage actually outweighs the plankton in that area by 6-1

Do you call this sustainable?

You can't say that humans are different then animals and have different goals, because we're not and we don't. The goal of life is to survive long enough to reproduce. Making lots of money will not only help you survive and give you a better chance of getting laid, but it will ensure your offspring will have a higher chance of survival and a better chance of passing on your genes. There's also the recreation that money can give you, true, this is different then animals, but only because we have the means to make Ipods and yachts, where as animals don't. If a few hyenas came across 10 dead gazelle for whatever reason, they wouldn't just eat as much as they need, they'd eat as much as they possibly can, or if they could somehow have as much gazelle as they want (and they knew they could have as much as they wanted), they'd still pig out and eat more then they need. You can't deny that wanting to increase your standard of living, even if its above what you need, isn't something that only applies to humans.

I don't think capitalism is good, and I don't think communism is good, I'm not stupid. Both have been tried (pure capitalism in 18th century Britain for example and communism's easy), and both have failed and only benefited the elite. You need a balance between the two, with the government regulating businesses and stopping them from to much foul play. If you can think of an alternative to communism or capitalism that's viable, then I'd like to hear it, but our population has grown to large to live in whatever utopia you think would work (a thing about communism, is it has worked quite well in South America when it was first settled, the Jesuit priests managed to set up small communes for the natives and administered it themselves, the communes were very efficient and the priests didn't abuse their power, they were driven out later when the areas that they administered were given to the Spanish king and he drove them out. But everyone knows that communism can work small scale anyways, just look at your families).

The only way you could stop us from doing the environmental damage that we're doing, would be to take away our means of doing it. It doesn't have to do with capitalism, because all governments would do it anyways, otherwise they'd be out competed by other governments. You said that animals compete, well its competition thats ruining the environment (and animals take more then they need to, as I've already mentioned). [/b][/quote]

Good points, Cawck Monger.

My assessment: A Global Collectivist State would curtail human rights, specifically for individuals, in order to perpetuate the 'Greater Good' of society. To a point, most forms or government do this, but not to the degree that this hypothetical system would; restrictions on live birth via mandatory abortion and contrasepives, 'Big Brother' keeping close tabs on where you are and what you're doing (and as stated before, who you're doing ), etc. In short, exactly what happens in Huxley's 'Brave New World'.

[Neutrino]

You can't say that humans are different then animals and have different goals, because we're not and we don't. The goal of life is to survive long enough to reproduce. Making lots of money will not only help you survive and give you a better chance of getting laid, but it will ensure your offspring will have a higher chance of survival and a better chance of passing on your genes. There's also the recreation that money can give you, true, this is different then animals, but only because we have the means to make Ipods and yachts, where as animals don't. If a few hyenas came across 10 dead gazelle for whatever reason, they wouldn't just eat as much as they need, they'd eat as much as they possibly can, or if they could somehow have as much gazelle as they want (and they knew they could have as much as they wanted), they'd still pig out and eat more then they need. You can't deny that wanting to increase your standard of living, even if its above what you need, isn't something that only applies to humans.

A hyena eating it's fill isn't competition, or greed, this is simple survival.
Killing those gazelle is competition, not greed.

Greed is taking far more than you need. Using your hyena example this would be the hyenas killing another few hundred gazelle, eating only a tiny amount and leaving the rest to rot.
The hyena's will not do this, because they know they do not need the extra meat.
There is no possible advantage from killing hundreds of gazelle unecessarilary, and that is why it is clasified as Greed.
In human terms this would be an already very rich landlord upping rent on a building that houses very poor people. The amount of extra money will be negligable, therefore no significant advantage will be gained for the landlord, but the tennants will suffer significantly.

The only way you could stop us from doing the environmental damage that we're doing, would be to take away our means of doing it. It doesn't have to do with capitalism, because all governments would do it anyways, otherwise they'd be out competed by other governments. You said that animals compete, well its competition thats ruining the environment (and animals take more then they need to, as I've already mentioned). [/b]

Yes, the only way to stop environmental damage completly is to stop doing any industry at all. But that isn't what I was talking about. What I was talking about is the way Capitalism encourages the use of very environmentally unsafe methods.
A few years back (or so i've heard) electric cars were being developed and were nearing economic viability. Suddenly, all research and backing for them stopped. Why? Because the oil companies realised that it would put them out of buisness.
If they hadn't done that, then it very likely that there would be practical, safe, efficient electric cars available today. As it is, the old gas-guzzlers are only slowly starting to go out of fasion now.
Alternative energy sources are also being suppressed. Why? Because then humanity would have no incentive to use dirty, cheap coal or Natural Gas power stations.

No matter how well you may deny Capitalism's social problems, there is no way you can get around its environmental problems.

And why would you think that stopping governments competing is a bad thing? Everyone justifies Capitalism by linking it to evolution. "Survival of the fittest" and all that stuff. What no-one realises is that competition isn't the only way to do things. As I have said before, the reason this planet has adopted competition is Earth is a very resource and energy rich planet. If there were much less free resources available, say, because a species of obnoxious homonids were using a significant percentage up, then life would drop competition like a hot rock.

[Guiscard]

In all seriousness, you do not know what you are talking about in any real historical sense.

You seem angry. Just to relax you a bit, have a look at this thread and have a little chuckle at Jenos' expense (if you haven't already seen it.)

That did help

Anyway, he seems to have givern up on the history thing, which was probably wise.

[Norse]

As I said earlier in the thread, the Television wins this hands down. It is poisonous.

I never watch TV unless a good footy match is on, and I despise immensley people who watch it for 'reality TV' and 'Soaps'.